Henri Becquerel

     Antoine Henri Becquerel,who discovered RadioActivity was born in Paris on December 15, 1852, a member of a distinguished family of scholars and scientists. His father, Alexander Edmond Becquerel, was a Professor of Applied Physics and had done research on solar radiation and on phosphorescence, while his grandfather, Antoine César, had been a Fellow of the Royal Society and the inventor of an electrolytic method for extracting metals from their ores. He entered the Polytechnic in 1872, then the government department of Ponts-et-Chaussées in 1874, becoming ingénieur in 1877 and being promoted to ingénieur-en-chef in 1894. In 1888 he acquired the degree of docteur-ès-sciences. From 1878 he had held an appointment as an Assistant at the Museum of Natural History, taking over from his father in the Chair of Applied Physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. In 1892 he was appointed Professor of Applied Physics in the Department of Natural History at the Paris Museum. He became a Professor at the Polytechnic in 1895.

      Becquerel's earliest work was concerned with the plane polarization of light, with the phenomenon of phosphorescence and with the absorption of light by crystals (his doctorate thesis). He also worked on the subject of terrestrial magnetism. In 1896, his previous work was overshadowed by his discovery of the phenomenon of natural radioactivity. Following a discussion with Henri Poincaré on the radiation which had recently been discovered by Röntgen (X-rays) and which was accompanied by a type of phosphorescence in the vacuum tube, Becquerel decided to investigate whether there was any connection between X-rays and naturally occurring phosphorescence. He had inherited from his father a supply of uranium salts, which phosphoresce on exposure to light. When the salts were placed near to a photographic plate covered with opaque paper, the plate was discovered to be fogged. The phenomenon was found to be common to all the uranium salts studied and was concluded to be a property of the uranium atom. Later, Becquerel showed that the rays emitted by uranium, which for a long time were named after their discoverer, caused gases to ionize and that they differed from X-rays in that they could be deflected by electric or magnetic fields.Before his crowning of Nobel Prize, he worked as an engineer in the Department of Bridges and Highways in France, and later served as the physics chair at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. It was while studying uranium salts that he accidentally discovered radioactivity. For his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Becquerel was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, the other half being given to Pierre and Marie Curie for their study of the Becquerel radiation.The full impact of Becquerel discovery wasn't appreciated till Marie and Pierre Curie discovery. They shared the Nobel Prize.He also discovered that all uranium compounds (not just specific salts) fogged the plates, unlike luminescence which was confined to particular salts.

    Becquerel published his findings in many papers, principally in the Annales de Physique et de Chimie and the Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences.He was elected a member of the Academie des Sciences de France in 1889 and succeeded Berthelot as Life Secretary of that body. He was a member also of the Accademia dei Lincei and of the Royal Academy of Berlin, amongst others. He was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1900.He was married to Mlle. Janin, the daughter of a civil engineer. They had a son Jean, b. 1878, who was also a physicist: the fourth generation of scientists in the Becquerel family.Henri's son  Jean Becquerel also became a physicist, and four generations of Becquerels were educated at the École Polytechnique and became professors of physics at the French Museum of Natural History.Antoine Henri Becquerel died at Le Croisic on August 25, 1908.

Constituent Assembly of Nepal

Constituent Assembly of Nepal

    The Politics of Nepal function within a framework of a republic with a multi-party system. Currently, the position of President (head of state) is occupied by Ram Baran Yadav. The position of Prime Minister(head of the government) is held by Dr. Baburam Bhattarai. Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and his cabinet, while legislative power is vested in the Constituent Assembly. Baburam Bhattarai is an ex-terrorist who had interpol Red Corner notice issued against him. The Supreme Court of Nepal has declared the government of Nepal to be illegal and unconstitutional as the latter has kept extending it's governing tenure by bringing in innumerable amendments to the constitution. The justice system of Nepal has blamed the government for continuous contempt of court.Until May 28, 2008, Nepal was a constitutional monarchy.On that date, the constitution was altered by the Constituent Assembly to make the country a republic.The 601-member Constituent Assembly of Nepal was established by Nepal's interim constitution in 2007 to draft a new permanent constitution for the country and serve as its interim legislature.

Nepalese constituent assembly election was held on April 10, 2008 after two failure attempts since the end of direct rule of king Gyanendra.The assembly will have 601 members – 240 elected under first-part-the-post system, 335 elected under proportional representative system and 26 to be nominated by the council of ministers.The election gave victory to Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) who had been raising the demands of a constituent assembly since it waged civil war in 1996.Maoist won 120 seats in FPTP and secured over 30 percent of the total votes caste under PR system. The election commission is yet to announce the seat distribution under the PR system.The election swept away Nepali Congress, that ruled for most of the years after the restoration of democracy in 1990, and Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist Leninist), expected to be the largest party after the polls.

The constituent assembly will abolish the monarchy, which ruled Nepal for the last 240 years, Shah dynasty. King Gyanendra Bir Bkram Bikram Shah will be the last king of this dynasty.Additionally, the assembly will write new constitution for Nepal, supposed to be communist dominated.The assembly is composed of 23 political parties. Nepali Congress, CPN (UML) and Madhesi Jahadhikar Forum including the Maoist are the major parties agreed to write a constitution to replace the interim one within 2 years. However, uncooperative and "selfish" behavior of the political parties has been cited as the major cause behind the de-railing of the peace process.

Ram Baran Yadav
(President)

    Almost two months after Nepal was declared a republic, lawmakers Monday voted Ram Baran Yadav, a physician, as its first ever president. Yadav, who is in his 60s, was declared the president in a runoff election after none of the three candidates could get a majority in the first round held on Saturday, announced Kul Bahadur Gurung, chairman of the constituent assembly. Yadav was the general secretary of the Nepali Congress party and belongs to the ethnic minority Madhesi group from Nepal's troubled southern region.  Nepal's first-ever President Ram Baran Yadav took the oath of office Wednesday, two days after his election. Yadav, a physician in his 60s, was elected president on Monday by Nepal's constituent assembly, almost two months after the country was declared a republic, putting an end to the 239-year-old monarchy. People lined the streets, which were emptied of vehicles, as the presidential motorcade drove about five miles (8 km) from Yadav's home to the presidential offices. He was driven in the bulletproof vehicle previously used by Nepal's kings. 

Pushpa Kamal Dahal
(Prachanda)

     The Maoists, as the largest party of the country, took power right after the elections and named Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda) as the Prime Minister of the country. CPN UML also joined this government, but the Nepali Congress took the part of the main opposition party. People soon saw that the country's situation deteriorated and political turmoils were in store.Prachanda soon fell into a dispute with the then army chief Rookmangud Katwal and decided to sack him. But the President Ram Baran Yadav, as the supreme head of military power in the country, revoked this decision and gave the army chief additional time in office. An angry Prachanda and his party quit the government, majorly citing this reason and decided to operate as the main opposition to the government headed by CPN UML and its co-partner Nepali Congress afterwards. Madhav Kumar Nepal was named the Prime Minister.The Maoists have been to this date demanding civilian supremacy.Nearly after 6 and half months of being on the Prime Minister of Nepal,Jhalanath Khanal finally resigned today by submitting resignation to president Dr Ram Baran Yadav. Khanal himself had previously set the deadline to resign by 13th of August if he couldn’t advance the peace process, which he failed to execute yesterday. Surprisingly, after a central committee meeting of his own party Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist Leninist), Jahalanath Khanal announced his resignation from the post.

Madhav Kumar Nepal

    The Maoists have been forcing closures - commonly known as bandhs(strike) - in the country, and have also declared autonomous states for almost all the ethnic groups in Nepal - seen as a part of revenge against the action that foiled their decision to sack the army chief.Political leaders continue to discuss plans to end this turmoil, but none of the talks have been successful. Rising inflation, economic downturn, poverty, insecurity and uncertainty are the major problems. Many analysts opine that freedom has brought anarchy to the country. Many doubt that the political parties will succeed in writing a constitution

Jhalnath Khanal

    The United Democratic Madhesi Front’s support played a decisive role in Dr. Bhattarai’s win, based on a four-point agreement reached earlier today between the UCPN (Maoist) and the Front on matters relating to peace, constitution and a coalition government. Voting in favour of Dr. Bhattarai were  the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum Nepal, the CPN (ML-Socialist), the Rastriya Janamorcha, the CPN (Unified), the CPN (United), the Samajbadi Janata Dal, the Nepal Pariwar Dal, the Nepal Sadbhawana Party (Giri), the Rastriya Janamukti Party and the Nepal Democratic Socialist Manch, besides his party the UCPN (Maoist).Later on the Maoists was seen to have fragmented on two sides from within,not legally as a separate party. The one was the side of Chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda) and the other one is of Mohan Bhaidhya(Kiran). Vice-chairman of the UCPN (Maoist), Dr. Baburam Bhattarai was elected the Prime Minister of Nepal. In the elections held at  the meeting of the Legislature-Parliament, Dr. Bhattarai won with 340 votes. His only contender, Nepali Congress Vice-president Ram Chandra Poudel garnered 235 votes. A total of 575 votes were cast today out of the total 594 members present in the Legislature-Parliament.

     Likewise, NC leader Poudel received votes from the CPN-UML, the CPN-ML, the Rastriya Prajatantra Party, the Rastriya Janashakti Party, Independent MP Baban Singh and other fringe parties, including his own party NC. Nepal Workers and Peasants Party and the Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal did not take part in the voting today.The amended regulations of the Legislature-Parliament however provide that the MPs cannot abstain from the voting and can do so only with a valid reason for absence. The regulations was amended after 16 rounds of elections held last year for the post of the Prime Minister failed to bear any result as MPs were allowed to stay neutral. Announcing the result, Speaker Subas Nembang wished Dr. Bhattarai success in achieving a national consensus and realizing lasting peace and a new constitution.The most of the achievements were made in the Prime Ministership of Baburam Bhattarai. The Maiost army joined Nepal Army, the voting system, drafting systems,etc got improved. The main thing that is left is to have agreement on Fedral State Classificaton which has invited lot of strikes during the Board Exam of 11 conducted by various JanJathi to have the state named to give their identity.Nepal Premier Baburam Bhattarai  formed a national unity government by appointing 12 ministers from the main opposition parties. Kathmandu: Nepal Premier Baburam Bhattarai on Saturday formed a national unity government by appointing 12 ministers from the main opposition parties, two days after his cabinet quit as part of a negotiated effort to quell political tumult in the country. The Premier formed the government as per the deal reached among the major political parties on Thursday night to expedite the peace process and to draft the new Constitution within the May 27 deadline. The 12-member cabinet included two deputy Prime Ministers. The Prime Minister inducted ministers from UCPN (Maoist), Nepali Congress and United Democratic Madhesi Front (UDMF) in the cabinet. He appointed Deputy Prime Minister Narayan Kaji Shrestha and four other ministers from the UCPN-Maoist. However, their portfolio are not yet decided. The Prime Minister also appointed Bijaya Gachhadar as Deputy Prime Minister with the portfolio of Home Affairs and four other ministers from Joint Democratic Madhesi Front.Nepal`s second largest communist party CPN-UML on Tuesday agreed to join the Maoist-led national unity government and forwarded the names of its two leaders to represent the party in the Cabinet. CPN-UML`s general secretary Ishwor Pokharel and leader of the party Radha Gyawali are set to join the Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai-led government on Wednesday. They will be sworn-in as ministers tomorrow, CPN-UML sources told a news agency. Deputy Prime Minister Narayan Kaji Shrestha confirmed this, saying "we have received the names of two leaders from UML." “They will be sworn in tomorrow," he told reporters. Nepali Congress and Joint Democratic Madhesi Front have already joined the unity government. The three parties control more than two-thirds of the 601-seat assembly, meaning their proposals are likely to be adopted. This will complete the formation of a national unity government paving way for the parties to agree on a long-awaited new constitution, said UML leader Bhim Rawal. The three parties have also agreed to adopt mixed type of governance system and to divide Nepal into 11 federal states. Under the mixed system, the directly elected president with a limited powers will act as head of the state while the Prime Minister elected through the Parliament vested with executive powers will act as head of government. The supremacy of the Parliament will be maintained under this. However, the Madhesi parties have rejected the 11 state model agreed by the three major parties.

Baburam Bhattarai
(Prime Minister)

       Responding to a writ petition, Nepal's Supreme Court on May 24,2012 on Thursday issued an interim stay order against the government's proposal to amend the interim constitution and extend the term of the Constituent Assembly. A single bench of Chief Justice Khila Raj Regmi passed the order.On November 25, the Court had issued an order in name of the chairman of the Constituent Assembly, the Prime Minister and Office of Council of Ministers, declaring that the extension of the CA, ending on May 27, would be the last one and the CA must promulgate the constitution within the stipulated deadline. If the CA failed to do so, said the Court, its term would end, and there should either be fresh elections for a new CA, or referendum or any other ‘appropriate arrangements' according to the constitution. A review petition filed against the decision, on the grounds that this was entirely a political decision beyond the prerogative of the judiciary, was quashed by the Court.

      On Tuesday, an all-party meeting agreed to initiate the process to amend the interim constitution and extend the CA's term by another three months. The Cabinet endorsed the decision, and tabled an amendment bill in the legislature-Parliament accordingly. The Nepali Congress and Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist Leninist) have since backtracked from the agreement, and opposed an extension.In its verdict on Thursday, the Supreme Court said instead of taking steps towards the alternatives it proposed — elections, referendum or other appropriate arrangements — the government had acted as if there was no Court decision at all by initiating the process to amend the interim constitution to extend the CA. This, it said, was in violation of the earlier Court order as well constitutional provisions. Since the decision was ‘faulty', the Court issued the order.

Khil Raj Regmi
(Chief Justice)

        In a separate case against the Prime Minister for contempt of court in proposing an extension, the Court directed both Dr. Baburam Bhattarai and Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Law and Justice Krishna Prasad Situala, who undersigned the amendment bill, to appear personally in court with a written reply within seven days.UML leader Pradeep Gyawali told , “The best option would be to agree on a constitution incorporating the areas of agreement between all sides, and promulgate it before May 27. If we do that, the legislature-Parliament will remain intact after that, and it can resolve the other remaining contentious issues like state restructuring.”But Mr. Poudel said the Maoists would not agree to a ‘constitution without federalism', as that lies at the heart of the constitution. Madhesi parties and Janjati MPs too have expressed opposition to this proposal however, saying this would be a ‘conspiracy' to derail their federal aspirations. The party whip will be enforced in Parliament, unlike in the CA which adds to the apprehensions of ethnic lawmakers who want to retain the option of voting against their party decision on issues like federalism. Mr. Gyawali admitted there was a trust deficit. “Madhesis, Janjatis and women feel that future house will not address their concerns. We need to win their trust.”Lawyers said if the CA gets dissolved without the constitution being written, the institution of the presidency and the government of the day would continue to exist.

      Today is the Last Day for drafting the constitution. Noone knows what will happen. But all Nepali would surely hope for the constitution till the end. The political parties are trying their best throughout the day to come to an agreement and provide what all the Nepalese wanted for 4 years till the midnight of the day. Will the agreements made on a single day fulfill the demand of constitution of Nepalese ??? What if political parties are not successful in drafting constitution today??? What will be our FUTURE ???Questions all over but noone to answer them. All we can do is hope that the Political parties reach an agreement and draft constitution today.

                               HOPE FOR THE BEST,BE PREPARED FOR THE WORST                                                          

  Dreams do get shattered after long await.After these 4 years People dreams again got shattered the aim of Constituent Assembly wasn't completed now it has been dismantled and country is going to organize an election after 5 months. There was decisions at the last moments but the parties again show love for the government rather than solving the burning issues. Nepali Congress and UML have not sided with the government.While Maoist and Madhesi Forum are in support of the government. Till now the opposition of the government are asking for the resignation of Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai.The Cabinet has decided to go for fresh people's mandate despite the reservations from the ministers of CPN-UML and fringe parties.In a Cabinet meeting held at Singha Durbar on Sunday night, Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai proposed fresh Constituent Assembly elections in November. However, the ministers representing the CPN-UML and other fringe parties refused the proposal outright.Deputy Prime Minister and UML leader Ishwor Pokhrel walked out of the meeting after the prime minister put forth the proposal for holding CA elections on November 22.An emergency Cabinet meeting was convened after several rounds of negotations between the top brass leaders of major political parties failed to sort out the major contentious issues of constitution.According to a source close to Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai, the government announced fresh elections.Meanwhile, Prime Minister Bhattarai addressesed the nation at 11:45 after informing the President about the same Cabinet decision.

Stephen Hawking

Choose to overcome the limitations and develop extraordinary means of communicating knowledge and understanding that you have...

Stephen Hawking was born January 8, 1942 in Oxford, England. From an early age, he showed a passion for science and the sky. At age 21, while studying cosmology at Cambridge, Hawking was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Despite his debilitating illness, he has done ground-breaking work in physics and cosmology and his several books strive to make science accessible to everyone.The eldest of Frank and Isobel Hawking's four children, Stephen William Hawking was born on the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo, which has long been a source of pride for the noted physicist. Stephen was born into a family of thinkers. At a time when few women thought of going to college, the Scottish-born Isobel earned her way into Oxford University in the 1930s, making her one of the college's first female students. Frank Hawking, another Oxford graduate, was a respected medical researcher with a specialty in tropical diseases.

Stephen Hawking was born to Frank Hawking, a research biologist, and Isobel Hawking. He has two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward. Although Hawking's parents were living in North London, he was born in Oxford as his parents felt it was safer to stay in Oxford for the later stages of the pregnancy. (London was under attack at the time by the Luftwaffe.)When his father became head of the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research in 1950, Hawking and his family moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire. Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls from 1950 to 1953 (At that time, boys could attend the girls' school until the age of 10). and then from the age of 11, he attended St Albans School, where he was a good, but not exceptional, student.Inspired by his mathematics teacher, Hawking originally wanted to study the subject at university. However, Hawking's father wanted him to apply to University College,Oxford, where his father had attended. As University College did not have a mathematics fellow at that time, applications were not accepted from students who wished to study that discipline. Hawking therefore applied to read natural sciences with an emphasis in Physics. He was accepted and gained a scholarship. While at Oxford, he coxed a rowing team, which, he stated, helped relieve his immense boredom at the university. His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it. ... his mind was completely different from all of his contemporaries".

Early in his academic life Stephen, while recognized as bright, was not an exceptional student. At one point in high school, his mother recalled, he was third from the bottom of his class. Instead, Stephen turned his mind loose on pursuits outside of school. He loved board games, and with a few close friends created new games of their own. At the age of 16 Stephen, along with several buddies, constructed a computer out of recycled parts for solving rudimentary mathematical equations.Hawking's unimpressive study habits resulted in a final examination score on the borderline between first and second class honours, making an "oral examination" necessary. Berman said of the oral examination: "And of course the examiners then were intelligent enough to realize they were talking to someone far more clever than most of themselves". After receiving his B.A. degree at Oxford in 1962, he left for graduate work at Trinity Hall,   Cambridge.he mid to late 1970s were a period of growing fame and success for Hawking, his work was now much talked about, he was appearing in popular television documentaries and in 1979 he was made the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, a post he held for 30 years until his retirement in 2009. Hawkin's inaugural lecture as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics had the title "Is the end in sight for Theoretical Physics" and promoted the idea the supergravity would help resolve many of the outstanding problems that Physicists were studying. 

U.S. President Barack Obama
talks with Stephen Hawking

In collaboration with Jim Hartle, Hawking developed a model in which the universe had no boundary in space-time, replacing the initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models with a region akin to the North Pole: one cannot travel north of the North Pole, as there is no boundary. While originally the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed universe, discussions with Neil Turok led to the realisation that the no-boundary proposal is also consistent with a universe which is not closed.

Along with Thomas Hertog at CERN, in 2006 Hawking proposed a theory of "top-down cosmology", which says that the universe had no unique initial state, and therefore it is inappropriate for physicists to attempt to formulate a theory that predicts the universe's current configuration from one particular initial state.Top-down cosmology posits that in some sense, the present "selects" the past from a superposition of many possible histories. In doing so, the theory suggests a possible resolution of the fine tuning question.

Hawking made news in 2012 for two very different projects. It was revealed in early April that he had participated in a 2011 trial of a new headband-styled device called the iBrain. The device is designed to "read" the wearer's thoughts by picking up "waves of electrical brain signals," which are then interpreted by a special algorithm, according to an article in The New York Times. This device could be a revolutionary aid to Hawking and others with ALS.Also around this time, Hawking showed off his humorous side on American television. He made a guest appearance on The Big Bang Theory, a popular comedy about a group of young, geeky scientists. Playing himself, Hawking brings the theoretical physicist Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons) back to Earth after finding an error in his work. Hawking earned kudos for this lighthearted effort.

Peter Waage

                                                       

Peter Waage (29 June 1833 – 13 January 1900), the son of a ship's captain, was a significant Norwegian Chemist and professor at the Royal Frederick University. Along with his brother-in-law Cato Maximilian Guldberg, he co-discovered and developed the Law of Mass Action between 1864 and 1879.

Law of Mass Action states that "Under similar condition of pressure and temperature the rate at which the substances react is directly proportional to the active mass of the reactants and the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the product of the active masses of the reactant with each concentration term  raised to power equals to the Stoichiometric coefficient which appears during a balanced chemical equation."

He grew up in Hidra. He was raised on this island, where his forefathers had lived as seamen for centuries. Because his father was usually at sea, Waage grew up mostly under the care of his mother, who was his first teacher. He was able to read by the age of about four. When Waage's precocity became known, it was decided that he should receive further education rather than follow the traditional family occupation of seafaring. As a youth , he had a large collection of minerals, plants, and insects, and some of his first publications dealt with mineralogy and crystallography.Waage's first regular schooling began at Flekkefjord when he was 11. The school principal persuaded him to prepare to attend the University of Christiania by entering the fourth year of the Bergen Grammar School in 1849. He passed his matriculation examination cum laudabilis for the University of Christiania in 1854, the same year as Cato Maximilian Guldberg, with whom he began a lifetime friendship. Together with several other students, they established a small, informal club whose members met on Saturday afternoons to discuss physical and chemical problems. Waage studied medicine during his first three years at the university but switched to mineralogy and chemistry in 1857. He was awarded the Crown Prince's Gold Medal for his paper, "Development of the Theory of the Oxygen-Containing Acid Radicals," which appeared in 1859, the same year as his book, Outline of Crystallography, coauthored with H. Mohn.

After graduating in 1859, Waage was awarded a scholarship in chemistry, enabling him to make a year's study tour of France and Germany (where most of his time was spent with Robert Wilhelm Bunsen at Heidelberg) the following spring. He was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry at the University of Christiania in 1861, and in 1866 he was promoted to Professor of the only chair of chemistry at the university.Waage's name is intimately linked with that of his friend Guldberg primarily for their joint discovery of the law of mass action. This fundamental law of chemistry, which today is known to every beginning chemistry student, had several forerunners, but the combined efforts of the empiricist Waage and the theorist Guldberg were needed to produce the first general, exact, mathematical formulation of the role of the amounts of reactants in chemical equilibrium systems.

 Waage and Guldberg were also related through two marriages; Guldberg married his cousin Bodil Mathea Riddervold, daughter of cabinet minister Hans Riddervold, and the couple had three daughters. Waage married Bodil's sister, Johanne Christiane Tandberg Riddervold by whom he had five children, and after her death in 1869, he became Guldberg's brother-in-law a second time, in 1870, by marrying one of Guldberg's sisters, Mathilde Sofie Guldberg, by whom he had six children.Guldberg and Waage's collaboration on the studies of chemical affinity that led to the law of mass action began immediately after Guldberg's return from abroad in 1862. Waage presented their first report to the Division of Science of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters on March 14, 1864, where it elicited little response. Even after its publication the following year in Norwegian, a language not read by many chemists, in the academy's journal, which was not accessible to many scientists, it failed to attract attention. Moreover, their work remained almost completely unknown to scientists as did the more detailed description of their theory published in 1867 in French. The theory did not become generally known until 1877 when German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald published an article that adopted the law of mass action and proved its validity by experiments of his own. The following year, Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff derived the law from reaction kinetics, apparently without any awareness of Guldberg and Waage's previous work. Because their work had still not become universally known and van't Hoff had not recognized their priority, Guldberg and Waage published their previous work for a third time, this time in the German journal Annalen der Chemie and in German, the lingua franca of 19th-century chemistry. In 1884, in his Études de Dynamique Chimique, van't Hoff finally mentioned their work, thus assuring their priority.After completing his collaboration with Guldberg, Waage concentrated more and more on practical problems and on social and religious work, dealing largely with nutrition and public health, such as his discovery of methods for producing unsweetened condensed milk and sterilized canned milk. He also developed an excellent, highly concentrated fish meal  used on Norwegian ships and expeditions and exported to Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Germany. Beer was then taxed according to the amount of malt used in its brewing, but Waage proposed that it be taxed according to its alcoholic content, and he developed a new method for determining this concentration by measuring the boiling point.

He was chairman of the Norwegian Polytechnic Society from 1868 to 1869, and the first chairman of the Norwegian branch of the YMCA when it was established in 1880.He left this world in 1900.